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Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan and the Sahara to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital, largest city, and leading cultural centre, while Alexandria is the second-largest city and an important hub of industry and tourism. With over 107 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab world, third-most populous country in Africa, and 15th-most populated in the world.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity, later adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards. Alexandria, Egypt's former capital and currently second largest city, was a hub of global knowledge through its Library. Cairo became the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth century and of the subsequent Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, until its local ruler Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous Khedivate in 1867. The country was then occupied by the British Empire along with Sudan and gained independence in 1922 as a monarchy.
Egypt is a developing country with the second-largest economy in Africa. It is considered to be a regional power in the Middle East, North Africa and the Muslim world, and a middle power worldwide. Islam is the official religion and Arabic its official language. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Arab League, the African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, World Youth Forum, and a member of BRICS. (Full article...)
Selected article -
The 2011 Egyptian revolution, also known as the 25 January Revolution (Arabic: ثورة ٢٥ يناير, romanized: Thawrat khamsa wa-ʿišrūn yanāyir), began on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with National Police Day as a statement against increasing police brutality during the later years of Hosni Mubarak's presidency. It consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violent civil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and strikes. Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded Mubarak's removal from the office of president of Egypt. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured. Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country.
The Egyptian protesters' grievances focused on legal and political issues, including police brutality, state-of-emergency laws, lack of political freedom, civil liberty, freedom of speech, corruption, high unemployment, food-price inflation and low wages. The protesters' primary demands were the end of the Mubarak regime. Strikes by labour unions added to the pressure on government officials. During the uprising, the capital, Cairo, was described as "a war zone" and the port city of Suez saw frequent violent clashes. Protesters defied a government-imposed curfew, which the police and military could not enforce in any case. Egypt's Central Security Forces, loyal to Mubarak, were gradually replaced by military troops. In the chaos, there was looting by rioters which was instigated (according to opposition sources) by plainclothes police officers. In response, watch groups were organised by civilian vigilantes to protect their neighborhoods. (Full article...)
The following are images from various Egypt-related articles on Wikipedia.
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Image 1Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial Anglo-French assault on Egypt, 5 November 1956. (from Egypt)
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Image 2Hunting game birds and plowing a field, tomb of Nefermaat and his wife Itet ( c. 2700 BC) (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 3The central business district in Egypt's new capital (from Egypt)
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Image 4The Cairo Metro (line 3) (from Egypt)
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Image 5A tanoura dancer performing (from Egypt)
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Image 6Ruins of Deir el-Medina (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 7Egypt's children cancer hospital known as 57357 hospital (from Egypt)
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Image 9Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert and in the Nile Delta (from Egypt)
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Image 10Painted limestone relief of a noble member of Ancient Egyptian society during the New Kingdom (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 12Graphic of the increase in temperature in Egypt overtime (from Egypt)
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Image 13Al-Azhar Park is listed as one of the world's sixty great public spaces by the Project for Public Spaces. (from Egypt)
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Image 14The "weighing of the heart" scene from the Book of the Dead (from Egypt)
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Image 15Egyptian tomb models as funerary goods (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 16The gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus in the tomb of Horemheb ( KV57) in the Valley of the Kings (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 17Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna, c. 1400 BC (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 18Anubis, the god associated with mummification and burial rituals, attending to a mummy (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 19A crowd at Cairo Stadium watching the Egypt national football team (from Egypt)
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Image 20The pyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 21The High Court of Justice in Downtown Cairo (from Egypt)
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Image 22Soad Hosny, Egyptian film star. Among the most famous Egyptian and Arabic actresses of the 20th century. (from Culture of Egypt)
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Image 23Ancestry model of Egyptian genome NUE001 from Nuwayrat (2855–2570 BC). (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 24Farmland in the Egyptian countryside (from Egypt)
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Image 26Egypt's topography (from Egypt)
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Image 27The first issue of Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya, printed in 1828 by the Amiriya Press. It and its predecessor Jurnal al-Khidiw are the oldest Arabic-language newspapers. (from Egypt)
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Image 28The Weighing of the Heart from the Book of the Dead of Ani (from Egypt)
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Image 29E1b1b is the most common paternal haplogroup across Africa, including Egypt, with modern genetic studies rooting the origin of the E haplogroup in East Africa. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 30The well preserved Temple of Isis from Philae is an example of Egyptian architecture and architectural sculpture. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 31Female nationalists demonstrating in Cairo, 1919 (from Egypt)
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Image 32Sennedjem plows his fields in Aaru with a pair of oxen, Deir el-Medina. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 33Glassmaking was a highly developed art. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 35Tourists riding a camel in front of Pyramid of Khafre. The Giza Necropolis is one of Egypt's main tourist attractions. (from Egypt)
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Image 36An offshore platform in the Darfeel Gas Field (from Egypt)
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Image 38British infantry near El Alamein, 17 July 1942 (from Egypt)
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Image 39The Temple of Dendur, completed by 10 BC, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 40Umm Kulthum, an icon of Egyptian music, often referred to as "Egypt's Fourth Pyramid". In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Umm Kulthum at number 61 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time. (from Egypt)
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Image 41Change in per capita GDP of Egypt, 1820–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars. (from Egypt)
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Image 42Tutankhamun's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the Egyptian Museum. (from Egypt)
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Image 43Moulid celebrations in Muizz Street, Cairo (from Egypt)
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Image 44Statues of two pharaohs of Egypt's Twenty-Fifth Dynasty and several other Kushite kings, Kerma Museum (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 45Arabic calligraphy has seen its golden age in Cairo. This adornment and beads being sold in Muizz Street (from Culture of Egypt)
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Image 48Naguib Mahfouz, the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature (from Egypt)
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Image 49A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, most probably Amenemhat II or Senwosret II (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 50Hosni Mubarak, president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011 (from Egypt)
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Image 51Frontispiece of Description de l'Égypte, published in 38 volumes between 1809 and 1829 (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 54Model of a household porch and garden, c. 1981–1975 BC (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 55Koshary, one of Egypt's national dishes (from Egypt)
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Image 56The Eastern Imperial Eagle is the national animal of Egypt. (from Egypt)
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Image 58The Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. (from Egypt)
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Image 59Cairo grew into a metropolitan area with a population of over 22 million. (from Egypt)
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Image 60A tomb relief depicts workers plowing the fields, harvesting the crops, and threshing the grain under the direction of an overseer, painting in the tomb of Nakht. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 61The Qattara Depression in Egypt's north west (from Egypt)
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Image 62Governorates of Egypt: (from Egypt)
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Image 63Tutankhamun charging enemies on his chariot, 18th dynasty (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 64The Edwin Smith surgical papyrus describes anatomy and medical treatments, written in hieratic, c. 1550 BC. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 65The Fayum mummy portraits epitomize the meeting of Egyptian and Roman cultures. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 66Seagoing ship of an expedition to Punt, from a relief of Hatshepsut's Mortuary temple, Deir el-Bahari (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 67A painted, wooden figure found in Tutankhamun's royal tomb (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 68The Egyptian Museum in Cairo (from Egypt)
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Image 69Pharaohs' tombs were provided with vast quantities of wealth, such as the golden mask from the mummy of Tutankhamun. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 70Measuring and recording the harvest, from the tomb of Menna at Thebes (Eighteenth Dynasty) (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 72Protesters from the Third Square movement, which supported neither the former Morsi government nor the Armed Forces, 31 July 2013 (from Egypt)
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Image 73Clockwise: a Badarian mortuary figurine, a Naqada jar, a Naqada statuette of the goddess Bat, the Four dogs palette, the Gebel el-Arak Knife, and a Naqada diorite vase. (from Egypt)
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Image 74An ancient Egyptian mural of people playing music. (from Egypt)
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Image 75Lower-class occupations (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 76Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in Mansoura, 1960 (from Egypt)
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Image 77Power plant of the Aswan High Dam, with the dam itself in the background (from Egypt)
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Image 78Khafre enthroned ( c. 2558–2532 BC) (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 81Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics (from Egypt)
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Image 82Egypt's population density (people per km 2) (from Egypt)
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Image 83Artifacts of Egypt from the prehistoric period, from 4400 to 3100 BC. First row from top left: a Badarian ivory figurine, a Naqada II jar, a Bat figurine. Second row: a diorite vase, the Gebel el-Arak Knife, a cosmetic palette. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 84Egyptians celebrated feasts and festivals, accompanied by music and dance. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 85Rectangular fishpond with ducks and lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees, Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th Dynasty (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 86The Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion, at the Temple of Dendera (from Egypt)
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Image 87The Book of the Dead was a guide to the deceased's journey in the afterlife. (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 88Napoleon defeated the Mamluk troops in the Battle of the Pyramids, 21 July 1798, painted by Lejeune. (from Egypt)
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Image 89Illustration of various types of capitals, by Karl Richard Lepsius (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 91Hieroglyphs on stela in Louvre, c. 1321 BC (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 92Hatshepsut's trading expedition to the Land of Punt (from Ancient Egypt)
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Image 93The fully electric MCV C127 EV, made in Egypt for the German market (from Egypt)
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Image 94Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert during the Yom Kippur War, 1973 (from Egypt)
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Image 95The Narmer Palette depicts the unification of the Two Lands. (from Ancient Egypt)
- ... that square pyramids can have different shapes, and pyramidologists have put forward multiple theories on which of these shapes was used for the Egyptian pyramids?
- ... that the four sons of Horus were believed to have protected deceased people in the afterlife by creating a specialized connection with the deceased's internal organs?
- ... that the discovery of a coffin belonging to Ahhotep I, which had been reused to bury a high priest, ignited a debate among scholars over the true number of Egyptian queens named Ahhotep?
- ... that the trope of the found manuscript, in which a fictional work refers to another fictional work of literature, dates as far back as ancient Egypt?
- ... that in 1917 British soldiers in France opened fire on mutineers from the Egyptian Labour Corps, killing at least 27 of them?
- ... that a wealthy councillor's house in the ancient Egyptian desert city Trimithis preserves a line from a lost tragedy by Euripides?
- ...that Malik Arslan was assassinated on the orders of the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt due to his ties with the Ottomans?
- ... that the suppression of the Diaspora Revolt of 115–117 CE led to the near-total annihilation and displacement of Jewish communities in Cyrenaica, Cyprus, and much of Egypt?
Ali demonstrating his skills, c. 1927
Hadji Ali (Arabic: حاج علي; c. 1888–1892 – November 5, 1937) was a vaudeville performance artist, thought to be of Egyptian descent, who was famous for acts of controlled regurgitation. His best-known feats included water spouting, smoke swallowing, and swallowing nuts and handkerchiefs before disgorging them in an order chosen by the audience. Ali's most famous stunt, and the highlight of his act, was drinking copious amounts of water followed by kerosene, and then acting by turns as a human flamethrower and fire extinguisher as he expelled the two liquids onto a theatrical prop. While these stunts were performed, a panel of audience members was invited to watch the show up close to verify that no trickery was employed.
Although he never gained wide fame, Ali had a dedicated following on the vaudeville circuit in the United States. He performed for heads of state including Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. Judy Garland named him her favorite vaudevillian and David Blaine identified Ali as his favorite magician. Portions of his act were captured in the short film Strange as It Seems (1930) and in Politiquerias (1931), the Spanish-language version of Laurel and Hardy's Chickens Come Home. Two documentaries contain footage of Ali taken from Politiquerias: 1977's Gizmo!, and 1999's Vaudeville. Ali's unusual gastric abilities led to rumors that the Rockefeller Institute had offered a large sum of money to obtain his stomach post-mortem. After he died in England, his body was offered to Johns Hopkins University for study, though the offer was declined. (Full article...)
Selected cuisines, dishes and foods -
Falafel ( fə-LAH-fəl; Arabic: فلافل, IPA: [fæˈlæːfɪl] ⓘ) is a deep-fried ball or patty-shaped fritter of Egyptian origin that features in Middle Eastern cuisine, particularly Levantine cuisines. It is made from ground fava beans, chickpeas, or both, and mixed with herbs and spices before frying. (Full article...)
Religions in Egypt
Arab states
Other countries
- WikiProject Egypt
- WikiProject Ancient Egypt
- WikiProject Africa
- WikiProject Arab world
- WikiProject Asia
- WikiProject Geography
- WikiProject History
- WikiProject Ancient Near East
- Religion work group
- ... that 995 graffiti from the Greco-Roman period (pictured) can be seen in the tomb of Ramesses VI, left by pilgrims. They include "I visited and I did not like anything except the sarcophagus!", "I admired!" and "I cannot read the hieroglyphs!"
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Egypt Buildings and structures in Egypt Organisations based in Egypt
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