Tou Yuan
Tou Yuan Kingdom | |||||||||
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| 600s – 650s | |||||||||
Proposed locations of ancient kingdoms in Menam and Mekong Valleys in the 7th century based on the details provided in the Chinese leishu, Cefu Yuangui, and others. | |||||||||
| Capital | Si Mahosot | ||||||||
| Historical era | Post-classical era | ||||||||
• Formation | Early 7th-c. | ||||||||
• First tribute sent to China | 643 | ||||||||
• Vassal of Dvaravati | 647 | ||||||||
| 648 | |||||||||
• Last mention by Chinese | 651 | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Thailand | ||||||||
Tou Yuan or Tuó Huán (Chinese: 陁洹国、 陀洹国) or Zhēn Tuó Huán (真陀洹、真陁洹) or Nòu Tuó Huán (耨陀洹) or Rù Tuó Huán (褥陀洹) was a short-lived ancient Mon political entity that existed in the present-day Si Mahosot in central Thailand before the establishment of the Lavo in 648. It was annexed by Dvaravati in 647.
It was part of the Mon's settlements, located southwest of Champa, southeast of Dvaravati, bordering Funan north of modern Chanthaburi province, and adjoined Duō Miè to the west. Record of the Sui dynasty, which ruled China in 581–618 CE, says Tou Yuan fought many wars against Zhenla, who, at the same time, also had a conflict with Línyì to the northeast. The warfare between Chenla and Tou Yuan's successor state, Dvaravati's Lavo, continued into the Tang period. Certain battles may have been associated with the wars between Lavo and its northern sister Monic kingdom, Haripuñjaya, occurring in the early 10th century.
In contrast, Zhenla established peace relations via royal intermarriage with two other neighbors, Zhū Jiāng — which is identified as one of the Dvaravati-influenced polities — and Cān Bàn. However, Cān Bàn later became Zhenla's vassal, until the disintegration in the late 7th century, when it instead was under Wen Dan.