Sindhob Amarin

Sindhob Amarin (Thai: สินธพอมรินทร์), also known by the abbreviated title Phraya Kreak (พญาแกรก), emerges as a monarch of the 10th century in mainland Southeast Asian historiography, principally attested in the Northern Chronicle, the Ayutthaya Testimonies. and the Testimony of Khun Luang Wat Pradu Songtham. These sources identify him as a ruler exercising authority over the ancient polities of the Phraek Si Racha–Ayodhya historical region, a strategic zone within the central Menam Basin. While the Ayutthaya Testimonies do not explicitly record the dates of his reign, a chronological reconstruction derived from the narrative framework of the Northern Chronicle suggests that Sindhob Amarin's rule extended approximately from 937 to 996 CE. The polity of Lavo is also said to have come under his authority during this period. Moreover, his reign also associated with the episode of Sricandradhipati, who, after being ordered arrested by the king of Indaprasthanagara, fled and was subsequently offered the throne of Sukhothai in 959 CE.

This reconstructed reign period partially overlaps with that of Sudhammaraja, another ruler associated with Phraek Si Racha, whose reign is estimated to have lasted from 922 to 957 CE. The apparent overlap can be plausibly reconciled by the testimony of the Ayutthaya Testimonies, which records that Sudhammaraja subsequently relocated northward to establish Phitsanulok as his new political seat. On this basis, it is reasonable to infer that Sindhob Amarin's accession coincided with, or immediately followed, Sudhammaraja's departure from Phraek Si Racha.

No extant source explicitly records the dynastic relationship between Sindhob Amarin and his predecessor, Sudhammaraja. Nevertheless, his reign corresponds chronologically with a period during which Tambralinga exerted influence over the lower Menam Basin, approximately from 927 CE to the mid-10th century, with Lavo functioning as a principal regional power center. The Sihinganidāna further records that in 1500 BE (958/59 CE) political authority associated with Sukhothai encountered that of Nakhon Si Thammarat (Tambralinga) to the south.

Sindhob Amarin is also found in the regnal lists of Ayutthaya reconstructed by the Burmese compilers of the Ayutthaya Testimonies. However, these Burmese-derived king lists have subsequently been interpreted by Thai scholars as containing numerous errors and chronological inconsistencies when compared with other extant sources.