SDF insurgency in northern Syria

The SDF insurgency in northern Syria also known as Afrin insurgency was an armed campaign conducted by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and SDF-aligned Kurdish insurgent groups, most prominent of which are the Afrin Liberation Forces (HRE), in response to the expansion of Turkish military occupation in the Afrin Region. The insurgency began immediately after the end of Operation Olive Branch in March 2018, which was carried out by the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and the Syrian National Army (SNA).

The insurgency sought to expel Turkish forces and their allied factions from rural as well as urban areas captured during the invasion of Afrin. The city itself, the Sherawa region, a rocky extension of Aleppo's Mount Simeon District, and Afrin's isolated, forested central highlands were hotbeds for insurgent activity. However the insurgency also extended deeper into Turkish and Syrian Interim Government (SIG) controlled territories captured during Operation Euphrates Shield such as Al-Bab, Azaz, Jarabulus as well as other areas of the Aleppo Governorate. Occasionally actions of speculative veracity were conducted in the Idlib Governorate. A key staging ground for insurgent activities was Tell Rifaat (Shahba Canton), which remained under SDF control after the fall of Afrin. The insurgency was characterized by guerrilla warfare tactics, including hit-and-run assaults, anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) strikes, roadside improvised explosive devices (IEDs), targeted assassinations and summary executions, bombings, and sabotage operations against Turkish personnel, SNA fighters, alleged collaborators, and infrastructure associated with the occupation.

As civilian casualties increased, assassinations and bombings also increasingly adopted an ethno-nationalist framing. In statements accompanying various attacks, some insurgent groups and pro-Kurdish media outlets described the targets as "settlers", "thieves" and "mercenaries" terms they used to describe Syrian Arab and Palestinian internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, as well as pro-Turkish fighters and their families who had been resettled in the formerly Kurdish-majority region of Afrin, which political scientist and cultural anthropologist T. Schmidinger also described as "Rojava's heartland" and "much more Kurdish than any other part of Rojava" prior to the occupation. The settled groups were portrayed by the insurgents as part of an alleged demographic-engineering policy (Turkification) by the Turkish-backed administration, a policy that has been documented by independent watchdogs such as the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), while The Guardian had reported in June 2018 that the population balance in the city of Afrin had already been changed from predominantly Kurdish to majority Arab. Schmidinger argues that these and other reported abuses against Afrin's residents, including forced disappearances, killings, and widespread looting, have intensified Kurdish grievances and, in turn, strengthened the desire for retribution, ultimately helping to fuel the insurgency.

The SOHR stated in an April 2024 report that, since the beginning of Afrin's occupation and the subsequent insurgency, "attacks and explosions [have] occur[red] almost daily," although the perpetrator behind many of these incidents was often unclear until a group claimed responsibility. In the later stages of the conflict, some attacks were also attributed to infighting between Turkish-backed factions, activity by the Islamic State (ISIS), and other actors.

The insurgency came to a supposed halt during the broader 2024 Syrian opposition offensives and the SNA's Operation Dawn of Freedom which forced the SDF in Tell Rifaat and the Shabha Canton to retreat to Kurdish-held Sheikh Maqsoud neighborhood in Aleppo and to the remaining areas of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES).