Observer effect

For the TV series episode, see Observer Effect (Star Trek: Enterprise).

Observer effect, observer bias, observation effect, or observation bias may refer to a number of concepts, some of them closely related:

  • Hawthorne effect, a type of human behavior reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed
  • Heisenbug, a software bug that seems to disappear or alter its behavior when one attempts to study it
  • Laws of Form, a mathematical calculus between the distinction that an observer draws and the implied decision what not to observe, also described as observer dilemma
  • Observer bias, one of the types of detection bias and is defined as any kind of systematic divergence from accurate facts during observation and the recording of data and information in studies
  • Observer effect (information technology), the impact on the behaviour of a computer process caused by the act of observing the process while it is running
  • Observer effect (physics), the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation
  • Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment
  • Observer's paradox, a situation in which the phenomenon being observed is unwittingly influenced by the presence of the observer/investigator
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