Hanoi
Hanoi | |
|---|---|
| Hanoi Municipality Thành phố Hà Nội Hanoi Capital Thủ đô Hà Nội | |
Hanoi skyline with Ba Vì mountain range Hanoi skyline with Nhật Tân Bridge | |
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Seal | |
| Nicknames: City of soaring dragon (Thành phố rồng bay) Thousand-year-long capital of civilisation (Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến) | |
Interactive map of Hanoi | |
Hanoi Location in Vietnam Hanoi Location in Asia | |
| Coordinates: 21°00′N 105°51′E / 21.00°N 105.85°E | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Red River Delta |
| Capital establishment | 1010 |
| French occupation | 20 November 1873 |
| Colonial liberation | 10 October 1954 |
| Subdivisions (list) | |
| Government | |
| • Body | Hanoi People's Council |
| • Secretary of the Party Committee | Nguyễn Duy Ngọc |
| • Chairwoman of People's Council | Phùng Thị Hồng Hà |
| • Chairman of People's Committee | Vũ Đại Thắng |
| • Chairman of Fatherland Front | Bùi Huyền Mai |
| Area | |
• Total | 3,359.84 km2 (1,297.24 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 319.56 km2 (123.38 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 24,314.7 km2 (9,388.0 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 1,296 m (4,252 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2024) | |
• Total | 8,807,523 |
| • Rank | 2nd |
| • Density | 2,621.41/km2 (6,789.42/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 4,238,500 |
| • Rural | 4,348,600 |
| • Metro | 19,795,805 |
| Demonym | Hanoian |
| Ethnic groups | |
| • Vietnamese | 98.66% |
| • Mường | 0.77% |
| • Tày | 0.24% |
| • Thái | 0.09% |
| • Nùng | 0.08% |
| • Others | 0.16% |
| GDP (Nominal, 2025) | |
| • Total | US$58.6 billion |
| • Per capita | US$6,823 |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 (ICT) |
| Postal code | 10xxx–14xxx |
| Area codes | 24 |
| ISO 3166 code | VN-HN |
| License plate | 29–33, 40 |
| HDI (2023) | 0.845 (1st) |
| Website | hanoi.gov.vn |
Hanoi (/hæˈnɔɪ/ han-OY) is the capital and second-most populous municipality of Vietnam. It encompasses an area of 3,358.6 km2 (1,296.8 mi2), and as of 2025 has a population of 8,807,523. Hanoi had the second-highest gross regional domestic product of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at US$48 billion in 2023, behind Ho Chi Minh City. It hosts 78 foreign embassies, the headquarters of the Vietnam People's Army (VPA), its Vietnam National University system, and other governmental organizations. Hanoi has 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022. It hosts the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long, Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hoàn Kiếm Lake, West Lake, and Ba Vì National Park near the outskirts of the municipality. Hanoi's urban area has architectural styles, including French colonial architecture, brutalist apartments and disorganized alleys and tube houses stemming from the city's growth in the 20th century.
In 1010, under the Lý dynasty, king Lý Thái Tổ established the capital of the imperial nation Đại Việt in what later is central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long [tʰɐŋ loŋ], 'ascending dragon'). In 1428, King Lê Lợi renamed the city to Đông Kinh [ɗoŋ kīŋ̟], 'eastern capital'), and it remained so until 1789. The Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 moved the national capital to Huế and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1945 and French protectorate of Tonkin from 1883 to 1949. After the August Revolution and the fall of the Nguyễn dynasty, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. From 1949 to 1954, Hanoi was part of the State of Vietnam. It was again part of the DRV ruling North Vietnam from 1954 to 1976. In 1976, Hanoi became the capital of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam.