Slavery in the 21st century

Forced labour and slavery
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By country or region Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Trans-Saharan slave trade Red Sea slave trade Indian Ocean slave trade Zanzibar slave trade Angola Chad Comoros Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Seychelles Somalia Somali slave trade South Africa Sudan Zanzibar North and South America Pre-Columbian America Aztec Americas Indigenous U.S. Natives United States field slaves female contemporary maps partus prison labour slave codes treatment interregional proslavery sexual slavery The Bahamas Canada Caribbean Barbados British Virgin Islands Trinidad Code Noir Latin America Brazil Lei Áurea Colombia Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek (Encomienda) Puerto Rico East, Southeast, and South Asia Haruwa-charuwa Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan comfort women Karayuki-san Korea Kwalliso Nobi Malaysia Maldives Slavery in the Mongol Empire Thailand Yankee princess Vietnam Australia and Oceania Australia Human trafficking Blackbirding Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe United Kingdom Penal Labour Slavery Albania Bulgaria Denmark Dutch Republic Finland France Georgia Germany in World War II Hungary Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland North Africa and West Asia Afghanistan Bacha bazi Algeria Bahrain Egypt Human trafficking in the Middle East Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Syria Tunisia Qatar Yemen United Arab Emirates
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Related Black triangle (badge) Common law Critique of political economy Critique of work Extermination through labour Forced labour Forced Labour Convention Fugitive slaves laws convention Great Dismal Swamp maroons Indentured servitude Infinite workday List of slaves owners last survivors of American slavery List of slavery-related memorials and museums Refusal of work Right to rest and leisure Slave catcher Slave marriages in the United States Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave patrol Slave Route Project breeding court cases Washington Jefferson J.Q. Adams Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation 40 acres Freedmen's Bureau Iron bit Emancipation Day

Contemporary slavery, also sometimes known as modern slavery or neo-slavery, refers to slavery that continues to exist in the 21st century. As of 2022, the International Labour Organization (ILO) reports there is an estimate of 50 million people living under the circumstances of modern slavery, specifically 28 million in forced labour and 22 million in forced marriages. Nonetheless, it is difficult to agree on an estimated number of enslaved people, as there is no universally agreed definition of modern slavery; those in slavery are often difficult to identify, and adequate statistics are often not available.

The International Labour Organization estimates that number based on their definition of modern slavery, which includes human trafficking, sexual exploitation, child labour, forced marriage, and the involuntary recruitment of children for armed conflict. Based on their concept, they claim that from the 50 million people exposed to slavery today, 17.3 million are exploited in the private sector which includes domestic work, construction or agriculture; 6.3 million people face forced sexual exploitation, and 3.9 million individuals are exposed to forced labour imposed by state authorities.