Anti-Dühring

Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science (German: Herrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft), commonly known as Anti-Dühring, is a book by Friedrich Engels, published in 1878 and first serialised in the newspaper Vorwärts in 1877–1878. The work is a polemical response to the philosophical views of Eugen Dühring, a German philosopher and socialist whose ideas were gaining influence within the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In countering Dühring, Engels provided a comprehensive and accessible exposition of Marxism as a "science". The book is divided into three parts—Philosophy, Political Economy, and Socialism—and became a major contribution to the development of Marxism as a systematic and coherent school of thought.

The work was highly influential in the emerging socialist movements of Europe, and was instrumental in defining and popularising concepts such as historical materialism and dialectical materialism. A section of the book was later edited and published separately in 1880 as the popular pamphlet Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. In the 20th century, some critics, particularly in the tradition of Western Marxism, argued that Anti-Dühring represented a distortion of Karl Marx's thought, creating a rigid, scientistic dogma that later contributed to the ideology of the Soviet Union. However, Engels's biographers note that Marx was deeply involved in the book's creation, wrote a chapter for it, and endorsed it as an authentic expression of their shared philosophy.