Wilderness therapy

Wilderness therapy, also known as outdoor behavioral healthcare, is a form of therapeutic intervention that uses outdoor activities and immersion in natural environments to promote psychological, behavioral, and social well-being. It is used in the treatment of mental health conditions, substance abuse disorders, and behavioral issues, particularly among adolescents and young adults.

Wilderness therapy programs vary widely in structure and philosophy, but typically combine elements of psychotherapy, group processes, and experiential learning with activities such as hiking, camping, and survival skills. While the approach is most prominently developed in the United States, related practices have emerged in other regions, including Canada, Australia, and across Scandinavia, often influenced by local outdoor traditions and cultural perspectives.

The field lacks a universally accepted definition, and programs differ in their clinical oversight, duration, and level of remoteness. Wilderness therapy has been the subject of ongoing debate regarding its effectiveness, safety, and ethical practices, with research producing mixed results and criticism focusing on regulation and reported incidents in some programs.