United States Court of Claims

The Court of Claims was a federal court in the United States that heard lawsuits involving monetary claims against the U.S. government. It was established in 1855 and renamed the United States Court of Claims in 1948. In 1982, the U.S. Congress abolished the court and transferred its jurisdiction to the newly created U.S. Claims Court, now known as the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, and the newly created U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

Before the Court of Claims was established, monetary claims against the federal government were normally submitted through petitions to Congress. By the time of the Court's creation, the workload had become unwieldy so Congress gave the Court jurisdiction to hear all monetary claims based upon a law, a regulation, or a federal government contract. The Court was required to report its findings to Congress and to prepare bills for payments to claimants whose petitions were approved by the Court. Since only Congress was constitutionally empowered to make appropriations, Congress still had to approve the bills and reports, but it usually did so pro forma.

The Court originally had three judges, who were given lifetime appointments. The judges were authorized to appoint commissioners to take depositions and issue subpoenas. The federal government was represented in the Court by a solicitor appointed by the President.