Single-phase electric power

Single-phase electric power (abbreviated 1φ) is the simplest form of alternating current (AC) power used to supply electricity. In a single-phase system, all the voltages vary together in unison, creating a single alternating waveform. This type of power is widely used for homes, small businesses, and other applications where the main needs are for lighting, heating, and small appliances.

Unlike three-phase systems, single-phase power does not naturally produce a rotating magnetic field, so motors designed for it require extra components to start and generally have lower power ratings (rarely above 10 kW). Because the voltage peaks twice during each cycle, the instantaneous power delivered is not constant, which can make it less efficient for running large machinery.

Most of the world’s single-phase systems operate at a standard frequency of either 50 or 60 Hz. Some specialized systems, such as traction power networks for electric railways, may use other frequencies such as 16.67 Hz.

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