Severus ibn al-Muqaffa

Sevērus ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (Arabic: سويرس بن المقفع, romanized: Sawīris ibn al-Muqaffaʿ; died 987) or Severus of El Ashmunein (سويرس الأشمونين) was a Coptic Orthodox bishop, author and historian. Severus is sometimes confused with the better-known Abbasid author Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa' (d. 759).

He was bishop of Hermopolis Magna in Upper Egypt around the end of the tenth century. In this period, Egypt was ruled by the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, which had taken Egypt from the Abbasid Caliphate in 969. Fatimid rule slowly but surely changed Coptic Christian culture, especially in the realm of language. Complaining that the Coptic Orthodox Christians of Egypt no longer knew the Coptic language, Severus composed a theological text in Arabic—the first Coptic text written in that language.

While he was known as the traditional author of the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria since the 18th century, modern scholarship holds that it was Mawhib ibn Mufarrij of Alexandria (c. 1025—1100) who composed this work. One of the stories in it relates how Bishop Severus was asked by the Muslim chief justice (qadi al-qudat) whether a passing dog was Muslim or Christian. As it was a Friday, the Bishop said to ask the dog by offering it both meat and wine as Muslims do not drink wine and Christians do not eat meat on Fridays.