Scientific production association

A scientific production association (Russian: Научно-производственное объединение, romanized: Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye, abbr. NPO) is a type of integrated research-and-production organization that originated in the Soviet Union and continues to exist in Russia and other successor states. Such associations combine scientific research, engineering design, technology development, and industrial production within a single structure, typically including research institutes, design bureaus, and manufacturing plants.

Closely related organizational forms include the scientific and production enterprise (научно-производственное предприятие, Nauchno-proizvodstvennoye predpriyatiye, NPP) and the scientific and implementation enterprise (научно-внедренческое предприятие, Nauchno-vnedrencheskoye predpriyatiye, NVP).

Prominent examples of NPOs include NPO Mashinostroyeniya and NPO Almaz.

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