Principles of Hindu Reckoning

Principles of Hindu Reckoning (Arabic: كتاب في أصول حساب الهند, romanized: Kitab fi usul hisab al-hind) is a mathematics book written by the 10th- and 11th-century Persian mathematician Kushyar ibn Labban. It is the second-oldest book extant in Arabic about Hindu arithmetic using Hindu-Arabic numerals ( ० ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹), preceded by Kitab al-Fusul fi al-Hisub al-Hindi (Arabic: كتاب الفصول في الحساب الهندي) by Abul al-Hassan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Uglidis, written in 952.

Although Al-Khwarizmi also wrote a book about Hindu arithmetic in 825, his Arabic original was lost, and only a 12th-century translation is extant. In his opening sentence, Ibn Labban describes his book as one on the principles of Hindu arithmetic. Principles of Hindu Reckoning was one of the foreign sources for Hindu Reckoning in the 10th and 11th century in India. It was translated into English by Martin Levey and Marvin Petruck in 1963 from the only extant Arabic manuscript at that time: Istanbul, Aya Sophya Library, MS 4857 and a Hebrew translation and commentary by Shālôm ben Joseph 'Anābī.