Herat (1793–1863)
Herat هرات | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1793–1863 | |||||||||
Flag of Herat from 1818 until 1842 (left) and the flag of Herat in 1856 (right) when Mohammad Yusuf and 'Isa Khan declared Herat a vassal of Britain and hoisted the British flag | |||||||||
Map of Herat at its height in 1848 | |||||||||
| Capital | Herat | ||||||||
| Official languages | Persian (official) Pashto (dynastic) | ||||||||
| Languages | Persian, Pashto, Turkmen, Balochi | ||||||||
| Ethnic groups | Pashtuns, Farsiwans, Qizilbash, Aimaq, Tajiks, Hazaras, Jews, Hindus, Baloch, Sistanis, Turkmen, Uzbeks, Armenians | ||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam, Shia Islam with Judaism and Hinduism as a minority | ||||||||
| Demonym | Herati | ||||||||
| Government | Unitary absolute monarchy | ||||||||
| Emir | |||||||||
• 1793–1801 | Mahmud Shah Durrani | ||||||||
• 1801-1818 | Firuz Shah Durrani | ||||||||
• 1818–1829 | Mahmud Shah Durrani | ||||||||
• 1829–1842 | Kamran Shah Durrani | ||||||||
• 1842-1851 | Yar Mohammad Khan | ||||||||
• 1851-1855 | Said Mohammad Khan | ||||||||
• 1855-1856 | Mohammad-Yusuf Shah Durrani | ||||||||
• 1856 | Isa Khan Bardurrani | ||||||||
• 1857-1863 | Sultan Ahmad Khan | ||||||||
• 1863 | Shah Nawaz Khan | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1793 | ||||||||
• Tributary to Iran | 1804 | ||||||||
• Independent State | 1818 | ||||||||
• Civil War | 1823–1829 | ||||||||
| 1833 | |||||||||
| 1837–1838 | |||||||||
| 1856 | |||||||||
• British vassal | 1856 | ||||||||
| 1857 | |||||||||
• Tributary to Iran | 1857 | ||||||||
| 1863 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Iran Afghanistan Turkmenistan | ||||||||
Herat, also known as the Emirate of Herat, and as the Principality of Herat, or Herat Khanate, was a state in Afghanistan from 1793 to 1863, and one of the three main khanates that existed in 19th century Afghanistan (the others being the khanates of Kabul and Kandahar) after the breakup of the Durrani Empire.
In 1793, Timur Shah Durrani died and Mahmud Shah took control of Herat, making the town and the surrounding region independent. In 1801, the principality was revived by Firuz al-Din Mirza. Herat was prosperous under his reign in spite of multiple invasions by Qajar Iran. In 1818, Mahmud and later Kamran Shah took over, attempting to keep the region stable as a buffer region between the Barakzais and Qajars. However, the region was devastated by constant infighting and further Iranian invasions.
The Iranian invasion of 1837 weakened the principality, eventually allowing Yar Mohammad Khan Alakozai to overthrow Kamran, the last ruler in 1842, and expand the principality's borders towards the Chahar Wilayat, Aimaq territory, and Lash-Joveyn. With his death in 1851 the principality began to decline due to a series of incompetent rulers as well as a civil war and an Iranian invasion in 1856.
The weakening of the principality allowed the Barakzai State to intervene and besiege Herat. Ultimately they were able to capture the city on May 27, 1863, ending Herat's existence as an independent state.