Native Americans in the American Civil War

Native Americans in the American Civil War refers to the involvement of various tribes of Native Americans in the United States during the American Civil War. An estimated 20,000 Native Americans fought on both sides in the war, with some reaching high ranks in both armies. Many more helped in support roles, such as supply and sabotage. A minority of Native Americans fought for the Confederacy, in part to protect slavery in Indian Territory, as well as a promise by the Confederate government that it would recognize an independent Native American country following the war's conclusion. A large number of Native Americans fought on the side of the Union as well, hoping their support would ensure the federal government's respect of their rights and treaties. Many tribes initially viewed the conflict as a "white man’s war," reluctant to become involved after enduring forced removal from ancestral lands during the Trail of Tears. Nonetheless, some saw military service as a means to gain political favor, end discrimination, and secure territorial rights—hopes that proved largely unfulfilled as removal and pacification policies continued even after emancipation.