Minimal genome

Minimal genome is the theoretical smallest set of genes sufficient for life to exist and propagate under nutrient-rich and stress-free conditions. Alternatively, it may be defined as the gene set supporting life on an axenic cell culture in rich media, and it is thought what makes up the minimal genome will depend on the environmental conditions that the organism inhabits.

The concept of minimal genome arose from the observations that many genes do not appear to be necessary for survival. Therefore, if a collection of all the essential genes were put together, a minimum genome could be created artificially in a stable environment. By adding more genes, the creation of an organism of desired characteristics is possible.

To create a new organism in this way, a scientist must determine the minimal set of genes required for metabolism and replication, which can be achieved by experimental and computational analysis of their biochemical pathways. A good model for a minimal genome is Mycoplasma genitalium, due to its very small genome size. Most genes that are used by this organism are considered essential for survival, and from them a minimal set of 256 genes has been proposed. Once the set of essential genetic elements are known, one can proceed to define the key pathways and core-players by modeling simulations and wet lab genome engineering.

Scientifically, minimal genome projects allow the identification of the most essential genes and a reduction of genetic complexity, making engineered strains more predictable. Industrially and agriculturally, they could be used to engineer plants to resist herbicides or harsh environments; bacteria to synthetically produce chemicals; or microbes to produce beneficial bio-products.

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