Mass racial violence in the United States

In the broader context of racism in the United States, mass racial violence in the United States consists of ethnic conflicts and race riots, along with such events as:

• Racially based targeted attacks against African Americans by White Americans which took place before the American Civil War, often in relation to attempted slave revolts, and racially based attacks against African Americans by White Americans which took place after the war, in relation to tensions which existed during the Reconstruction and later efforts to suppress Black suffrage and institute Jim Crow laws
• Conflicts between Protestants and Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Germany in the 19th century
• White American mobs frequently targeted Asian American immigrants during the 19th and 20th century
• Attacks on American Indians and American settlers which took place during conflicts over land ownership (see also: Native American genocide in the United States, American Indian Wars, list of Indian massacres)
• Frequent fighting among members of various ethnic groups in major cities, specifically in the Northeastern United States and the Midwestern United States throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the ethnic violence between Puerto Ricans and Italian Americans in New York City
• Anti-immigrant violence, specifically anti-Catholic violence which targeted Catholics in the 19th century
• Anti-immigrant violence, specifically Hispanophobic violence which targeted Latin Americans during the 20th century
• Two concurrent but distinct patterns of disturbances which occurred during the civil rights era:
  • White-on-Black racial disturbances which occurred during demonstrations and protests, such as at the Marquette Park Illinois march of August 1966 and during the 1969 Greensboro uprising in North Carolina;
  • African American ghetto riots (1964–1969), including riots during the long, hot summer of 1967 and the King assassination riots of 1968, which caused deaths and injuries, looting, and long-lasting damage in African American communities.