Jewish revolt against Heraclius

The Jewish revolt against Heraclius was part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 and is considered the last time Jews had autonomy over Jerusalem prior to modern times. Taking advantage of the weakening Byzantine control in the eastern provinces, Jewish communities in Palestine allied with the invading Persian forces against Byzantine rule, which had long imposed religious and legal restrictions on them. When the Persians captured Jerusalem in 614, Jewish rebels briefly gained influence in the city. However, when Heraclius later defeated the Persians and reconquered the region, Byzantine authority was re-established, and severe reprisals followed. These included massacres, forced conversions, and expulsions of Jews, ultimately ending the revolt.