Inward-rectifier potassium channel

Inward-rectifier potassium channels (K_ir, IRK) are a specific lipid-gated subset of potassium channels. To date, seven subfamilies have been identified in various mammalian cell types, plants, and bacteria. They are activated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂). The malfunction of the channels has been implicated in several diseases. IRK channels possess a pore domain, homologous to that of voltage-gated ion channels, and flanking transmembrane segments (TMSs). They may exist in the membrane as homo- or heterooligomers and each monomer possesses between 2 and 4 TMSs. In terms of function, these proteins transport potassium (K⁺), with a greater tendency for K⁺ uptake than K⁺ export. The process of inward-rectification was discovered by Bernard Katz in skeletal muscle cells in 1949, and Denis Noble in cardiac muscle cells in 1960s.