Internet censorship in Russia

In Russia, internet censorship is enforced on the basis of several laws and through several mechanisms. Since 2008, Russia has maintained a centralized internet blacklist (known as the "single register") administered by the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor).

The list is used for the censorship of individual URLs, domain names, and IP addresses. It was originally introduced to block sites that contain materials advocating drug abuse and drug production, descriptions of suicide methods, and containing child pornography. It was subsequently amended to allow the blocking of materials that are classified as extremist by including them in the Federal List of Extremist Materials. According to Freedom House, these regulations have been frequently abused to block criticism of the federal government or local administrations.

A law prohibiting "abuse of mass media freedom" implements a process for shutting down online media outlets. In March 2019, the bill, which introduced fines for those who are deemed (by the government) to be spreading "fake news" and showing "blatant disrespect" toward the state authorities, was signed into law.

In June 2020, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Russia in a case involving the blocking of websites critical of the government (including that of Garry Kasparov), as the plaintiffs' freedom of speech had been violated.

Following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, a rapid tightening of media controls ensued. Western media was blocked, and state-level internet filtering was implemented. Businesses advertising VPN services are banned, foreign platforms faced heavy fines and blockages, causing local users to shift to domestic services, mirroring China's Great Firewall ecosystem. This developing "IT curtain" is viewed as a new Iron Curtain, aiming to suppress anti-government information and consolidate state control over the public.