Informal learning

Informal learning is characterized by a low degree of planning and organizing of the learning context, learning support, learning time, and learning objectives. It differs from formal learning, non-formal learning, and self-regulated learning, as it has no set objective in its learning outcomes, but an intent to act from the learner's standpoint (e.g., to solve a problem). The term is often conflated with non-formal learning and self-directed learning. It is widely used in the context of corporate training and education in relation to return on investment (ROI), or return on learning (ROL). It is also used when referring to science education, in relation to citizen science, or informal science education.

Typical mechanisms of informal learning include trial and error or learning-by-doing, modeling, feedback, and reflection. This includes heuristic language building, socialization, enculturation, and play. Informal learning is a popular learning method that incorporates participation or learning through knowledge creation, in contrast with the traditional practice of teacher-centered learning via knowledge acquisition. Estimates suggest that about 70–90% of adult learning takes place informally and outside educational institutions.

The conflated definition of informal and non-formal learning explicates mechanisms of learning that organically occur outside the realm of traditional instructor-led programs. This may include participating in self-study programs, navigation of performance support materials and systems, practicing incidental skills, receiving coaching or mentoring, seeking advice from peers, or participating in communities of practice, to name a few.

Informal learning is common in communities where individuals have opportunities to observe and participate in social activities. Cited advantages of informal learning include flexibility and adaptation to learning needs, direct transfer of learning into practice, and rapid resolution of work-related problems. For improving employees' performance, task execution is considered the most important source of learning.