History of Germany (1990–present)
Federal Republic of Germany Bundesrepublik Deutschland | |||||||||||
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| Anthem: Deutschlandlied "Song of Germany" | |||||||||||
Location of History of Germany (1990–present) (dark green) – in Europe (light green & dark grey) | |||||||||||
| Capital | Berlin 52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E Bonn (seat of government, 1990–1999) 50°44′N 7°6′E / 50.733°N 7.100°E | ||||||||||
| Largest city | Berlin 52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E | ||||||||||
| Official language | German | ||||||||||
| Demonym | German | ||||||||||
| Government | Federal parliamentary republic | ||||||||||
| President | |||||||||||
• 1984–1994 (incumbent at reunification) | Richard von Weizsäcker | ||||||||||
• 1994–1999 (first after reunification) | Roman Herzog | ||||||||||
• 1999–2004 | Johannes Rau | ||||||||||
• 2004–2010 | Horst Köhler | ||||||||||
• 2010 | Jens Böhrnsen (acting) | ||||||||||
• 2010–2012 | Christian Wulff | ||||||||||
• 2012–2017 | Joachim Gauck | ||||||||||
• 2017–present (current) | Frank-Walter Steinmeier | ||||||||||
| Chancellor | |||||||||||
• 1982–1998 (incumbent at reunification) | Helmut Kohl | ||||||||||
• 1998–2005 (first after reunification) | Gerhard Schröder | ||||||||||
• 2005–2021 | Angela Merkel | ||||||||||
• 2021–2025 | Olaf Scholz | ||||||||||
• 2025–present (current) | Friedrich Merz | ||||||||||
| Legislature | |||||||||||
| Bundesrat | |||||||||||
| Bundestag | |||||||||||
| Formation | |||||||||||
• Basic Law ratified | 23 May 1949 | ||||||||||
| 3 October 1990 | |||||||||||
| 15 March 1991 | |||||||||||
| 31 August 1994 | |||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||
• Total | 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi) (63rd) | ||||||||||
• Water (%) | 1.27 (2015) | ||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||
• 2020 estimate | 83,190,556 (18th) | ||||||||||
• Density | 232/km2 (600.9/sq mi) (58th) | ||||||||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2021 estimate | ||||||||||
• Total | $4.743 trillion (5th) | ||||||||||
• Per capita | $56,956 (15th) | ||||||||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2021 estimate | ||||||||||
• Total | $4.319 trillion (4th) | ||||||||||
• Per capita | $51,860 (15th) | ||||||||||
| Gini (2019) | 29.7 low inequality | ||||||||||
| HDI (2019) | 0.947 very high (6th) | ||||||||||
| Currency | 1990–1999: Deutsche Mark (DM) 1999–present: Euro (€) (EUR) | ||||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) | ||||||||||
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) | ||||||||||
| Calling code | +49 | ||||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | DE | ||||||||||
| Internet TLD | .de | ||||||||||
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| History of Germany |
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Since 1990, Germany spans the period following German reunification, when West Germany and East Germany were reunited after being divided during the Cold War. It is referred to by historians as the Berlin Republic (Berliner Republik), or as the Third German Republic. This time period is also determined by the ongoing process of the "inner reunification" of the formerly divided country.