Hard privacy technologies

Hard privacy technologies are methods of protecting data. Hard privacy technologies and soft privacy technologies both fall under the category of privacy-enhancing technologies. Hard privacy technologies allow online users to protect their privacy through different services and applications without the trust of the third-parties. The data protection goal is data minimization and reduction of the trust in third-parties and the freedom (and techniques) to conceal information or to communicate.

Applications of hard privacy technologies include onion routing, VPNs and the secret ballot used for democratic elections.