Haldane effect

The Haldane effect is a property of hemoglobin (Hb) that describes its ability to carry increased amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the deoxygenated state as opposed to the oxygenated state. The Haldane effects thus promotes uptake of CO2 by Hb in peripheral tissues where it releases oxygen to the tissue, and conversely promotes release of CO2 from Hb in the lungs where oxygen from inspired air again binds to Hb.

Haldane effect is a result of a difference in the acidity of the oxygenated and deoxygenated (reduced) forms of Hb, so that the less acidic deoxygenated form favours direct binding of CO2 to Hb amino acid residues to form carbamino compounds (the more significant component), as well as the binding of H+ ions formed during the dissociation carbonic acid (to which CO2 is converted by erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase) (and vice versa).

The Haldane effect approximately doubles the transport (binding and release) capacity of blood for CO2. It is far more important in promoting CO2 transport than the related Bohr effect is in promoting O2 transport.

It was first described by John Scott Haldane.

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