GDF15

GDF15
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	5VT2, 5VZ3, 5VZ4, 6Q2J
Identifiers
Aliases	GDF15, GDF-15, MIC-1, MIC1, NAG-1, PDF, PLAB, PTGFB, growth differentiation factor 15, TGF-PL
External IDs	OMIM: 605312; MGI: 1346047; HomoloGene: 3576; GeneCards: GDF15; OMA:GDF15 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 19 (human)
End	18,389,176 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 8 (mouse)
End	71,085,106 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	placenta; ; beta cell; ; mucosa of urinary bladder; ; human kidney; ; body of pancreas; ; renal medulla; ; olfactory zone of nasal mucosa; ; decidua; ; stromal cell of endometrium; ; rectum;
	Top expressed in
	stroma of bone marrow; ; endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel; ; calvaria; ; left lobe of liver; ; right kidney; ; embryo; ; proximal tubule; ; embryo; ; human kidney; ; lacrimal gland;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	transforming growth factor beta receptor binding; growth factor activity; protein binding; cytokine activity; protein homodimerization activity;
Cellular component	extracellular region; extracellular exosome; nucleus; cytoplasm; extracellular space; Golgi apparatus; collagen-containing extracellular matrix;
Biological process	regulation of apoptotic process; cell-cell signaling; positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation; positive regulation of myoblast fusion; regulation of MAPK cascade; transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway; cell development; signal transduction; BMP signaling pathway; SMAD protein signal transduction; regulation of signaling receptor activity; reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess; glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway; negative regulation of multicellular organism growth; positive regulation of MAPK cascade; positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling; negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	9518
	23886
	ENSG00000130513
	ENSMUSG00000038508
	Q99988
	Q9Z0J7
	NM_004864
	NM_011819; NM_001330687
	NP_004855
	NP_001317616; NP_035949
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Growth/differentiation factor 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF15 gene. GDF15 was first identified as Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1).

It is a protein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. Under normal conditions, GDF15 is expressed in low concentrations in most organs and is upregulated because of injury to organs such as the liver, kidney, heart and lung. Its chemical formula is:C₁₀₇₆H₁₇₁₀O₃₁₆N₃₂₄S₂₄.

In one study among Scottish males, median (97.5th percentile), GDF-15 concentration at age <30 years was 537 (1,135) pg/mL, rising to 931 (2,492) pg/mL at 50–59 years, and 2,152 (5,972) pg/mL at ≥80 years. In Scottish females, median GDF-15 at age <30 years was 628 (2,195) pg/mL, 881 (2,323) pg/mL at 50–59 years, and 1847 (6,830) pg/mL at ≥80 years. Among those known to be pregnant, median GDF-15 was 19,311 pg/mL.