First Islamic state

The first Islamic state was established by the prophet Muhammad in the city of Medina in 622, under the Constitution of Medina. It represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah (nation). After Muhammad's death, his companions known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs (Rashidun) founded the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), which began massive expansion and motivated subsequent Islamic states, such as the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258).

According to the traditional sirah account, the Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca, an important caravan trading center, around the year 570 CE, in a family belonging to the clan of Quraysh, which was the chief tribe of Mecca and a dominant force in Hejaz region. When he was about 40 years old, he began receiving at mount Hira' what Muslims regard as divine revelations delivered through the Archangel Gabriel, which would later form the Quran. These inspirations urged him to proclaim a strict monotheistic faith, as the final expression of Biblical prophetism earlier codified in the sacred texts of Judaism and Christianity; to warn his compatriots of the impending Judgement Day; and to castigate social injustices of his city. Muhammad's message won over a handful of followers and was met with increasing resistance from Meccan notables. He had been invited to Medina by city leaders to adjudicate disputes between clans from which the city suffered. Muhammad came to the city of Medina following the migration of his followers in what is known as the Hijrah in 622 and received positively by the city's Jewish and pagan residents as an arbitrator. As a result, he was accepted by popular consensus as the city's political leader, establishing the first Islamic state with his role.

The first Islamic state was governed largely by the Constitution of Medina—in modern terminology—which dictated Muhammad's unification of Medina's tribes and the muhajirun (Muhammad's followers).