Economy of Indonesia

Economy of Indonesia
	Jakarta, with its central business district, is Indonesia's principal fintech, financial and business services center.
Currency	Rupiah (IDR, Rp)
Fiscal year	1 January - 31 December
Trade organizations	APEC, WTO, G-20, BRICS, IOR-ARC, RCEP, AFTA, ASEAN, EAS, ADB, others
Country group	Developing/Emerging; Newly industrialized country;
Statistics
Population	284 million (2025)
GDP	$1.550 trillion (nominal; 2026); $5.358 trillion (PPP; 2026);
GDP rank	17th (nominal; 2025); 7th (PPP; 2025);
GDP growth	5.11% (2025)
GDP per capita	$5,398 (nominal; 2026); $18,657 (PPP; 2026);
GDP per capita rank	118th (nominal; 2025); 104th (PPP; 2025);
GDP by sector	Agriculture: 13.7%; Industry: 41%; Services: 45.4%; (2017 est.);
Inflation (CPI)	2.86% (Oct 2025)
Population below poverty line	1.6% in multidimensional poverty (2024); 8.57% in national poverty line (Sep 2024); 68% on less than $8.30/day (2024);
Gini coefficient	34.9 medium (2024)
Human Development Index	0.728 high (2023, 113nd); 0.608 medium (2023, IHDI 86th);
Corruption Perceptions Index	37 out of 100 points (2024, 99th rank)
Labour force	147,800,000 (2023); 75% employment rate (2023);
Labour force by occupation	Agriculture: 27.7%; Industry: 22.6%; Services: 49.6%; (2020 est.);
Unemployment	4.82% (2024 est.)
Main industries	palm oil, coal, petroleum, petrochemicals, liquified natural gas, vehicle, electronics, transportation, machinery, steel, telecommunications, electric power, food processing, wood industry, textile, footwear, consumer goods, paper, handicrafts, chemicals, rubber, pharmaceuticals, financial services, seafood, smelting, and tourism
External
Exports	$298.2 billion (2023)
Export goods	Palm oil, Steel, Metal, Machinery and Industrial equipment, Chemicals products, Liquefied natural gas, Textiles products, Footwear products, Automobiles, Transportation products, Wooden products, Plastics
Main export partners	China 24.2%; ASEAN 18.2%; United States 10.6%; India 8.2%; Japan 7.5%; European Union 6.9%; South Korea 3.7%; (2024);
Imports	$268.3 billion (2023)
Import goods	Machinery and Industrial equipment, Steel, Foodstuffs, Petroleum products, Electronics, Raw material, Chemicals products, Transportation products
Main import partners	China 36.3%; ASEAN 17.5%; Japan 7.5%; European Union 6.4%; Australia 4.9%; United States 4.8%; South Korea 4.4%; (2024);
FDI stock	$262.92 billion (Inward, 2023); $103.94 billion (Outward, 2023);
Current account	+$3.46 billion (2021 est.)
Gross external debt	$396.3 billion (Q2 2023)
Public finances
Government debt	38.6% of GDP (2025 est.)
Foreign reserves	$156.1 billion (Jan 2025)
Budget balance	−1.49% (of GDP) (2025 est.)
Revenues	$182.1 billion (2024 est.)
Expenses	$216.1 billion (2024 est.)
Credit rating	Japan Credit Rating Agency:; A− (Domestic Currency); BBB+ (Foreign Currency); BBB+ (Bond); Outlook: Stable; Standard & Poor's:; BBB (Domestic); BBB (Foreign); BBB (T&C Assessment); Outlook: Stable; Moody's:; Baa2; Outlook: Negative; Fitch:; BBB (Local Currency); BBB (Foreign Currency); BBB (Country Ceiling); Outlook: Stable;
	All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

Indonesia has a mixed economy with dirigiste characteristics. It is one of the emerging market economies in the world and the largest in Southeast Asia. As an upper-middle income country and member of the G20, Indonesia is classified as a newly industrialized country. Indonesia has the 17th largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and the 7th largest in terms of GDP (PPP). Indonesia's internet economy reached US$77 billion in 2022, and is expected to cross the US$130 billion mark by 2025.

Indonesia depends on the domestic market and government budget spending and its ownership of state-owned enterprises (the central government owns 844 companies). Indonesian state-owned companies have assets valued at more than 1 trillion USD as of 2024.

Government price controls are applied to a range of basic goods (including rice and electricity) and play a significant role in Indonesia's market economy. However, a mix of micro, medium and small companies contribute around 61.7% of the economy and significant major private-owned companies and foreign companies are also present.

In the aftermath of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the government took custody of a significant portion of private sector assets through the acquisition of nonperforming bank loans and corporate assets through the debt restructuring process, and the companies in custody were sold for privatization several years later. Since 1999, the economy has recovered, and growth accelerated to over 4–6% in the early 2000s. In 2012, Indonesia was the second fastest-growing G20 economy, behind China, and the annual growth rate fluctuated around 5% in the following years. Indonesia faced a recession in 2020 when the economic growth collapsed to −2.07% due to the COVID-19 pandemic, its worst economic performance since the 1997 crisis. In recent years Indonesia's manufacturing sector, long its growth engine, has shedded hundreds of thousands of jobs, with an estimated loss of 300,000 since 2023.

In 2022, gross domestic product expanded by 5.31%, due to the removal of COVID-19 restrictions as well as record-high exports driven by stronger commodity prices.