Demographics of Canada
| Demographics of Canada | |
|---|---|
Population pyramid of Canada in 2026 | |
| Population | 41,575,585 (2025 Q4 est.) |
| Density | 4.43/km2 (11.5/sq mi) (2022) |
| Growth rate | −0.2% (2025 est.) |
| Birth rate | 9.94 births/1,000 population (2025 est.) |
| Death rate | 8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 83.8 years |
| • male | 81.52 years |
| • female | 86.21 years (2022 est.) |
| Fertility rate | 1.25 children born/woman (2024 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate | 4.38 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Net migration rate | 5.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
| Age structure | |
| 0–14 years | 15.99% |
| 65 and over | 18.98% |
| Sex ratio | |
| Total | 0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.) |
| At birth | 1.05 male(s)/female |
| Under 15 | 1.06 male(s)/female |
| 65 and over | 0.75 male(s)/female |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Major ethnic | Whites (69.8%) |
| Minor ethnic | South Asians (7.1%) Indigenous (5%) Chinese (4.7%) Blacks (4.3%) Filipinos (2.6%) Arabs (1.9%) Latin Americans (1.6%) Southeast Asians (1.1%) West Asians (1%) Koreans (0.6%) Japanese (0.3%) Multiracial/Others, excluding Métis (3.2%) |
| Language | |
| Official | English (55.97%) French (20.61%) |
| Spoken | Mandarin (1.7%) Cantonese (1.63%) Punjabi (1.44%) Spanish (1.32%) Tagalog (1.24%) Arabic (1.21%) German (1.1%) Italian (1.08%) Others (12.7%) |
| Language figures are from the 2016 Canadian census and based on total number of first language speakers (mother tongue), and not total number of individuals who may speak the language as a second (L2), third (L3), or more language. See knowledge of languages for this information. | |
Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure. It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40 million in 2023 and 41 million in 2024. The main driver of population growth is immigration, with 6.2% of the country's population being made up of temporary residents as of 2023, or about 2.5 million people. In 2025, Canada's population officially stood at 41.5 million, a decrease of approximately −76,068 people, With the lowest recorded total fertility rate in the country's history in 2024, at around 1.25, also one of the world's lowest.
Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world, driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent, family reunification. In 2024–2025, a total of 435,421 immigrants were admitted to Canada. New immigrants to Canada settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees, accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.