Canadian Confederation
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Canadian Confederation (French: Confédération canadienne) was the process by which three British North American provinces—the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick—were united into one federation, called the Dominion of Canada, on July 1, 1867. This process occurred with the rising tide of Canadian nationalism that was then beginning to swell within these provinces and others. It reached fruition through the British North America Act, 1867 (today known as the Constitution Act, 1867) which had been based on resolutions agreed to by colonial delegates in the 1864 Quebec Conference, later finalized in the 1866 London Conference.
Upon Confederation, Canada consisted of four provinces: Ontario and Quebec, which had been split out from the Province of Canada, and the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The province of Prince Edward Island, which had hosted the first meeting to consider Confederation, the Charlottetown Conference, did not join Confederation until 1873. Over the years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current collection of ten provinces and three territories.
Political impasse in the Province of Canada and the loss of preferential access to U.S. markets after Washington cancelled the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty in 1866 sharpened the colonies' sense of economic vulnerability and motivated the desire for federal unification and market integration. The leaders of the Maritime colonies pressed for Ottawa's assumption of their public debts and for an intercolonial railway that would bind the trade of the St. Lawrence to an ice-free Atlantic port, while politicians across Canada West and Canada East saw federation as the only way to break legislative deadlock and finance large-scale infrastructure. At the same time, lingering fears of the U.S. concept of manifest destiny, memories of the Fenian raids, and Britain's desire to off-load defence costs persuaded many that a larger fiscal and military union offered the surest bulwark against American pressure and metropolitan indifference. The motto "peace, order, and good government" arose as an expression of a distinctly Canadian formulation of constitutional government in North America.
While historians have often portrayed Confederation as having emerged from pragmatic and administrative rationales, recent scholarship has uncovered a rich contest of ideas beneath the politicking, involving competing conceptions of order, power, liberty, rights, national development, and imperial autonomy. Confederation's legacy remains debated, celebrated as the moment Canada's people assumed control of its own development and started on the course to sovereignty, questioned for the limited place it left Indigenous peoples, and continually reinterpreted as constitutional debates over such things as the nature of Canadian federalism or the character of the founding compact reshape the understanding of its impact and significance.