One-state solution

The one-state solution is a proposed approach to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process that envisions a single state within the boundaries of the former Mandatory Palestine. The term one-state reality refers to the belief that the current situation in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict amounts to a single de facto political space. The one-state solution is sometimes described as a bi-national state, reflecting the idea that it could provide self-determination to Israelis and Palestinians within a shared state.

It is a potential resolution to the conflict through the creation of a unitary, federal or confederate Israeli–Palestinian state, encompassing Israel, the Palestinian territories (comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip), and potentially the Golan Heights. Perspectives differ: some argue that such a model would alter Israel's identity as a Jewish state and leave the Palestinians without national independence within a two-state solution, while others view it as an equitable framework for ending the conflict.

Various models have been proposed for implementing the one-state solution.

• One such model is the unitary state, which would comprise a single government with citizenship and equal rights for every ethnic and religious group in the land, similar to the legal arrangement of the British Mandate for Palestine. Some Israelis advocate a version of this model in which Israel annexes the West Bank (but not the Gaza Strip) and grants Israeli citizenship to all of the Palestinians living there, thereby integrating the region and gaining a larger Arab minority, but remaining a Jewish and democratic state.
• A second model calls for Israel to annex the West Bank and integrate it as a Palestinian autonomous region. 
• A third model involves creating a federal state with a central government and federative districts, some of which would be Israeli and others Palestinian.
• A fourth model, described by the Israeli–Palestinian peace movement A Land for All, involves the establishment of a confederation in which independent Israeli and Palestinian states share powers in some areas, and giving Israelis and Palestinians residency rights in each other's states.

Though increasingly debated in academic circles, the one-state solution has remained outside the range of official diplomatic efforts to resolve the conflict, as it has historically been eclipsed by the two-state solution. According to the most recent joint survey of the Palestinian–Israeli Pulse in 2023, support for a democratic one-state solution stands at 23% among Palestinians and 20% among Israeli Jews. A non-equal non-democratic one-state solution remains more popular among both populations, supported by 30% of Palestinians and 37% of Israeli Jews. A Palestinian poll in September 2024 revealed that only 10% of respondents supported a single state that would provide equal rights for both Israelis and Palestinians.