MOG antibody disease
| Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease | |
|---|---|
| Other names | MOG antibody disease |
| An image depicting the pathophysiological immune reaction involved in the development of MOGAD. | |
| Specialty | Neurology, Immunology, Ophthalmology (in the context of impairment from optical inflammation) |
| Symptoms | Usually in the form of some sort of myelitis or neuritis in adults, with the most commonly observed being transverse myelitis, optic neuritis and neuromyelitis optica. Multiple sclerosis is a frequent comorbidity. Can also present as a distinct type of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by MS-like lesions either spotted in radiological imaging or definitively characterized during an autopsy on top of ADEM symptoms and transverse myelitis, particularly in children. |
| Causes | Unknown, post-infectious autoimmune responses from molecular mimicry from pathogens and cross-reactivity with retroviral proteins from antibodies proposed. |
| Diagnostic method | Attempting to detect antibodies to the MOG protein from samples using methods such as a cell-based assay or CSF tap and probing for evidence of demyelination. Exclusion of other plausible differentials is also required to prevent overdiagnosis and delayed treatment of other conditions. |
| Treatment | Depends on symptoms, usually high doses of corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange. If the patient has continuously recurring symptoms, long term immunosuppresion therapies may be needed. |
| Prognosis | 50-80% will experience permanent disability from demyelination. |
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MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) antibody disease (MOGAD) or MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Serum anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies are present in up to half of patients with an acquired demyelinating syndrome and have been described in association with a range of phenotypic presentations, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica.