Anti-Müllerian hormone

AMH
Identifiers
Aliases	AMH, MIS, antim, MIF, anti-Mullerian hormone
External IDs	OMIM: 600957; MGI: 88006; HomoloGene: 68060; GeneCards: AMH; OMA:AMH - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 19 (human)
End	2,252,073 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 10 (mouse)
End	80,643,482 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	testicle; ; right hemisphere of cerebellum; ; right testis; ; left testis; ; anterior pituitary; ; right frontal lobe; ; nucleus accumbens; ; putamen; ; caudate nucleus; ; gastrocnemius muscle;
	Top expressed in
	epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis; ; Sertoli cell; ; Gonadal ridge; ; ovarian follicle; ; ovarian follicle; ; granulosa cell of ovary; ; embryo; ; spermatocyte; ; granulocyte; ; neural layer of retina;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	transforming growth factor beta receptor binding; growth factor activity; signaling receptor binding; hormone activity;
Cellular component	extracellular region; extracellular space;
Biological process	Mullerian duct regression; cell-cell signaling; cell differentiation; ageing; positive regulation of gene expression; sex differentiation; sex-determination system; positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; response to organic cyclic compound; preantral ovarian follicle growth; gonad development; gonadal mesoderm development; negative regulation of ovarian follicle development; BMP signaling pathway; urogenital system development; regulation of signaling receptor activity;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	268
	11705
	ENSG00000104899
	ENSMUSG00000035262
	P03971
	P27106; Q5EC55
	NM_000479
	NM_007445
	NP_000470
	NP_031471
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting factor (MIF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMH gene.

AMH is a glycoprotein hormone that belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, which also includes inhibin and activin. These hormones play important roles in cell growth and development, sex differentiation in males, and the formation of ovarian follicles. In humans, the AMH gene is located on chromosome 19p13.3, while its receptor is encoded by the AMHR2 gene on chromosome 12.

In male embryos, AMH is switched on by the SOX9 gene in Sertoli cells of the developing testes. AMH acts to block the development of the Müllerian ducts (also called paramesonephric ducts), which would otherwise form the uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper part of the vagina. This allows male reproductive organs to develop. The production of AMH during this specific window of fetal development is tightly regulated by other factors, including the nuclear receptor SF-1, GATA transcription factors, the sex-determining gene DAX1, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Mutations in the AMH gene or its receptor (type II AMH receptor) can result in the persistence of Müllerian duct structures in otherwise normally developed males.

In females, AMH is produced by granulosa cells in developing ovarian follicles, especially in the early (preantral and small antral) stages. AMH is present in the ovaries until menopause. One of its main functions is to regulate how many follicles are recruited from the resting pool, helping to control which one becomes dominant and is selected for ovulation. After this selection, AMH levels in that follicle drop. Because AMH is secreted by granulosa cells, which support and nourish the developing egg, its levels in the blood can be used as a marker to estimate a woman's ovarian reserve, or the number of remaining eggs. In cattle, AMH can be used to predict how many follicles a cow will develop for embryo transfer, helping select the best animals for breeding programs. AMH is also studied as a diagnostic marker for ovarian disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).