Absorbing boundary condition

In numerical analysis of wave problems, absorbing boundary conditions, non-reflecting boundary conditions or transmitting boundaries are artificial boundary conditions applied at the edges of a finite computational domain to allow outgoing waves to pass out of the grid without generating reflections.

In many physical problems, such as acoustics, electromagnetics, and fluid dynamics, waves naturally propagate into an infinite or semi-infinite space. However, numerical methods like finite difference or finite element methods require a finite, truncated grid to remain computationally feasible. Without an effective absorbing boundary condition, waves reaching the artificial boundary of the simulation would reflect back into the interior, causing non-physical interference and spurious echoes that contaminate the results.

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